{"id":193,"date":"2018-07-31T00:00:04","date_gmt":"2018-07-31T04:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"\/newsroom\/this-algorithm-might-design-your-next-office\/"},"modified":"2020-02-26T16:15:23","modified_gmt":"2020-02-26T21:15:23","slug":"this-algorithm-might-design-your-next-office","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wework.com\/ideas\/community-stories\/employee-spotlight\/this-algorithm-might-design-your-next-office","title":{"rendered":"This algorithm might design your next office"},"content":{"rendered":"

This article is part of a series called Future Space, which focuses on innovations in design, technology, and other fields.<\/em><\/p>\n

When architect Yorgos Kapourniotis started at WeWork, one of the simplest tasks\u2014deciding how to arrange desks in each private office<\/a>\u2014was causing him some big headaches.<\/p>\n

\u201cI was covering projects for other architects, and placing desks was slowing things down,\u201d says Kapourniotis. \u201cIt\u2019s usually a simple process, but when there are dozens of offices per floor it can take a lot of time.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kapourniotis knew that there had to be a way to automate the process. So did WeWork\u2019s Fundamental Research team, which was already putting together a tool that does just that.<\/p>\n

The tool\u2014too new to even have a name\u2014is officially a \u201csuite of procedural algorithms for space planning in commercial offices.\u201d In layman\u2019s terms, it\u2019s a tool to calculate the most efficient ways to arrange desks in offices holding up to 20 people.<\/p>\n

The tool is smart and fast\u2014completing its task as efficiently as a designer and in a fraction of the time.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s amazing the speed it does things,\u201d says Kapourniotis, who\u2019s based at London\u2019s WeWork Hammersmith: Brook Green<\/a>. \u201cWhen you\u2019re designing an entire building, it could save half a day or even a full day of work.\u201d<\/p>\n

But the tool does more than save time. It frees up architects to use their creativity in other ways, such as designing an eye-catching central staircase or covered courtyard where members can mix and mingle.<\/p>\n

\u201cNone of our architects went to design school so they could place desks in offices,\u201d says Daniel Davis, director of research at WeWork. \u201cNow they have more time to do the really cool stuff.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2018It\u2019s not theoretical, it\u2019s real\u2019<\/h2>\n

Automated office design has been around since the 1960s, when experts started using algorithms to help devise floor plans. While these researchers laid the theoretical foundation for WeWork’s later work, few of their innovations made it into practice given the difficulty of developing tools that handle all the oddly shaped floors, errant columns, and other constraints on architecture projects.<\/p>\n

But at WeWork, all of its buildings around the world are created with the same set of building blocks. Although its locations are unique\u2014from the 19th-century grandeur of WeWork Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es<\/a> in Paris<\/a> to the strikingly modern lines of WeWork Oskar Von Miller<\/a> in Munich\u2014inside each of them are private offices filled with desks.<\/p>\n

The size and shape of the offices and the types of furnishings inside them are consistent across all WeWork locations. And WeWork\u2019s design guidelines\u2014the amount of space a person needs when getting up or sitting down at a desk, for instance\u2014ensure that every WeWork office is a comfortable place to work.<\/p>\n

For WeWork\u2019s researchers, this meant that a tool programmed to design offices in New York City<\/a> could do the same quality of work in offices anywhere in the world. There was no need to reinvent the wheel for every building.<\/p>\n

Because human designers have already designed thousands of offices, WeWork\u2019s research team had a way to measure their success. Simply ask the tool to design the same set of offices and see if it can match, or even exceed, the efficiency and design quality of desks placed by humans.<\/p>\n

\u201cThat\u2019s why this project is so exciting,\u201d says Davis, whose team combines data science and social science to better understand how spaces can enhance people\u2019s happiness, productivity, and connection to their community. \u201cFor previous studies of building layout tools, these other companies didn\u2019t have data sets to compare their results against. But WeWork does. The benchmark isn\u2019t theoretical, it\u2019s real.\u201d<\/p>\n

Andrew Heumann, a senior researcher on the Fundamental Research team, explains how the layout tool works. An architect selects all the private offices on a floor plan, then activates the tool. It responds by generating all the possible desk layouts for each office. For a small office it might be two or three layouts, while for a larger one it might be a dozen or more. The architect clicks one, and the tool adds desks to the floor plan.<\/p>\n

The floor plan Heumann was using as an example had 34 offices. Using the algorithm, he was able to place all the desks in about two minutes. For a human, the same task could take an hour or more.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s no question that this tool could save a lot of time,\u201d says Heumann. \u201cAnd it\u2019s just the beginning of what we can do.\u201d<\/p>\n

Letting computers be more human<\/h2>\n

When Davis\u2019s team was creating the desk layout tool, the goal was to have it perform as well or better than architects 99 percent of the time. While it sounds like an impossible goal, Davis points out that unless it performs reliably and consistently, it won\u2019t become a go-to tool for architects.<\/p>\n

\u201cOur team has to be confident that this tool can do the job,\u201d says Davis. \u201cIf it works only 80 percent of the time, nobody is going to trust it.\u201d<\/p>\n

To access the tool\u2019s effectiveness, they had it go head to head with architects in terms of designing the most efficient space. They compared the tool\u2019s results on 13,211 offices designed by architects since 2016.<\/p>\n

The results? The tool performed as well as architects 77 percent of the time and did better another 6 percent of the time. But while 83 percent was impressive, it was still far from the goal.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt means that the tool was underperforming almost 20 percent of the time,\u201d says Davis. \u201cWe had to figure out why, if it was using the same parameters as our architects, it was falling short.\u201d<\/p>\n

Davis and his team pored over the data they had from those 13,211 offices. Why were the humans so easily beating the computers? How were they coming up with layouts that seemed out of reach for their digital counterparts?<\/p>\n

The answer turned out to be simple: The humans were cheating.<\/p>\n

WeWork\u2019s guidelines determine how much space each desk requires, which makes the design process pretty straightforward when the office is a simple rectangle. But if one wall sits at an angle, or a window is off-center, or a column juts out into the space, things get a little more complicated.<\/p>\n

Humans deal with these problems by making tiny adjustments. Seeing a potential problem, they can move the placement of a desk by an inch or two. Crunching the data, the researchers found that human designers made these kinds of adjustments 28.4 percent of the time.<\/p>\n

But a computer can\u2019t make a decision like this unless programmers give them permission. They have to know where, when, and how they can bend the rules\u2014essentially, the programmers need to allow them to act a little more human.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe found out that it\u2019s quite an art to translate what a human thinks about when designing an office,\u201d says Heumann. \u201c A lot of thought and intuition goes into to making a lot of those decisions.\u201d<\/p>\n

The research team looked closely at the specific reasons human designers were bending the rules and discovered it was almost always due to small variations in the space around a particular desk. They gave the tool permission to do the same, and the tool has since performed as well or better than humans 97 percent of the time.<\/p>\n

To find the most efficient layout for an office, humans were bending the rules 28.4 percent of the time. The tool ending up bending the rules just 17 percent of the time.<\/p>\n

\u2018Just scratching the surface\u2019<\/h2>\n

The desk layout tool\u2014which the Fundamental Research team wrote about in last month\u2019s International Journal of Architectural Computing<\/a>\u2014isn\u2019t the only one in WeWork\u2019s toolbox. Heumann points out that architects are consistently using another tool to help them calculate the right amount of common spaces\u2014such as lounges, kitchens, and conference rooms\u2014for any location.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s especially helpful for designers who\u2019ve not been with us for long,\u201d says Heumann, \u201cbecause it helps them adhere to WeWork standards.\u201d<\/p>\n

In the future the space calculation took will be able to automatically adjust to regional differences, such as members in China preferring large conference rooms or safety codes requiring wider hallways in Japan.<\/p>\n

Heumann says these tools have one thing in common: They allow architects and designers to eliminate the drudge work.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re looking at what tasks can be automated, and what tasks should be automated,\u201d he says. \u201cThe tasks that are most tedious and repetitious are probably the best place to start.\u201d<\/p>\n

Experts believe that one of the last fields that will be completely automated is design. But the repetitive tasks can easily be automated\u2014a recent study showed that 18 percent of design tasks can be handled by technology that currently exists.<\/p>\n

\u201cAt WeWork, we\u2019re just scratching surface of what\u2019s possible,\u201d says Heumann, who was one of the designers of the new tool. \u201cWe\u2019re coming to the end of having to do the same things over and over again.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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